My research interest is in developing animal vaccine/prophylaxis against animals pathogen, particularly respiratory bacterial pathogen. Throughout 20 years of research, we developed intranasal spray vaccine for the prevention of pneumonic mannheimiosis in sheep and goats. Another interest is in aquatic species bacterial pathogen where we found a way to induce unspecific immune system in green mussels against Vibrio alginolyticus infections in Kota Marudu, Sabah.